Basic Operating System Of Computer - An operating system (OS) is system software that manages computer hardware and software resources and provides commonservices for computer programs. The operating system is a component of the system software in a computer system. Application programs usually require an operating system to function.
Time-sharing operating systems schedule tasks for efficient use of the system and may also include accounting software for cost allocation of processor time, mass storage, printing, and other resources.
For hardware functions such as input and output and memory allocation, the operating system acts as an intermediary between programs and the computer hardware, although the application code is usually executed directly by the hardware and frequently makes system calls to an OS function or is interrupted by it. Operating systems are found on many devices that contain a computer from cellular phones and video game consoles to web servers and supercomputers.
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Types of Operating Systems:
It is what the boot process?
Time-sharing operating systems schedule tasks for efficient use of the system and may also include accounting software for cost allocation of processor time, mass storage, printing, and other resources.
For hardware functions such as input and output and memory allocation, the operating system acts as an intermediary between programs and the computer hardware, although the application code is usually executed directly by the hardware and frequently makes system calls to an OS function or is interrupted by it. Operating systems are found on many devices that contain a computer from cellular phones and video game consoles to web servers and supercomputers.
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Types of Operating Systems:
- DOS (Disk Operating System)OF-DOS, made by the company Digital Research in 1988PC-DOS, designed and manufactured by IBM. After emerging Windows, PC-DOS is rarely used MS-DOS was created by microsoft
- OS / 2Created by IBM and Microsoft, initially to replace DOS, but the os / 2 is rarely used because it is expensive and slow development.
- UNIXDeveloped by AT & T Bell in the 1960s and 1970s, is designed for the operating system that is portable, multitasking and multiuser.
- LINUXCreated in 1991 by Linus Torvalds, Is the development of UNIX, Is an open source operating system, so it can be modified, used and redistributed freely by anyone
- WINDOWSAn operating system made by Bill Gates, Microsoft Incooperation
It is what the boot process?
Actually, what is meant by booting it? The initial step in operating the computer is booting. The boot process is a process that occurs when a person turn on the computer, where the entry of electric current to the computer equipment and then the system checks whether or not the hardware (hardware) connected to the computer so that the computer can communicate with the user (user).
How the processes of booting?
How the processes of booting?
The early stages of the boot process performed by the operating system is Bootstrap loader. Bootstrap loader is the first application to run BIOS shortly after booting. The boot loader will load the kernel that is running the operating system, and aims to keep track of all means of input and output devices installed or connected to the computer .. In some systems, there is a different bootloader. Windows bootloader, unlike the Linux bootloader, contrast well with the BSD bootloader.
In general, the image of the stages that occur in the boot process is as follows:
When the computer is turned on, the memory is still empty. There are no instructions that can be executed by the processor. Therefore, the processor is designed to always find a specific address in the BIOS (Basic Input Output System) ROM. At that address, there is a jump instruction that leads kealamat early execution of the BIOS. After that, the processor running the Power On Self Test (POST), which check the condition of the hardware connected to the computer.
After that, look for Video Card BIOS. In particular he was looking for a BIOS-owned Video Card. Then run the system BIOS Video Card BIOS. It was only afterwards, Video Card in inisalisasi.
Then check the BIOS ROM on another hardware, does have a BIOS that tersediri does not. If yes, then it will be executed as well.
Then again BIOS checks, such as checking memory and memory types. Furthermore, he examines other hardware, such as disk. Then he searched the disk where the boot process can be done, which is looking for a boot sector. This could be a boot sector on the hard disk, or floppy disk.
On Windows, start up the boot process can be described as follows:
MBR (Master Boot Record) is a very small program that is contained in the first sector of the hard disk, MBR and then load a program called NTLDR into memory.
NTLDR then move the computer to a "flat memory model" (bypassing the 640KB memory restrictions placed on PCs) then reads the file BOOT.INI.
If the computer has multiple bootable partition, NTLDR will use the information contained in the file BOOT.INI to display a boot option, if just installed windows xp only, the menu display will be skipped and the windows will load Windows XP.
Prior to load Windows XP, NTLDR open another program into memory, called NDETEC.COM. This checks all files contained on computer hardware. After all hardware is found, NDTECT.COM give back the information to NTLDR.
NTLDR then trying to load a version of Windows XP is selected in step 3. This is done by finding the file NTOSKRNL the System32 folder contained in the directory windows xp. NTOSKRNL is a major program in the Windows operating system is a "kernel" Once the kernel is loaded into memory, NTLDR passes control of the boot process to the kernel and to another file named HAL.DLL. HAL.DLL controls Windows' famous hardware abstraction layer (HAL)
NTOSKRNL later handle the next boot process. The first step is to load some "low-level system drivers". NTOSKRNL then load all the files needed to create a "core" operating system windows xp.
Then, Windows will verify whether there is more than one profile on the computer hardware configuration, if there is more than one hardware profile windows will display a menu of options, but if there is only one profile, the windows will automatically load the default profile.
After Windows recognizes the hardware profile is used, the windows then load all device drivers for all hardware found on a computer, At this time the display monitor displays "Welcome To Windows XP boot screen".
Lastly windows running all the services that are scheduled automatically. At this time the display monitor displays "logon screen".
And based on the process, the boot can be identified by several types, namely:
The term BIOS (Basic Input Output System) first appeared in the operating system CP / M, which is one datu part of CP / M loaded during the boot process begins. BIOS dealing directly with the hardware (some machines running CP / M has a simple boot loader in ROM). Mostly, the DOS version has a file called "IBMBIO.COM" (IBM PC-DOS) or "IO.SYS" (MS-DOS), which works just like the CP / M disk BIOS.
BIOS provides low-level communication interface, and can control many types of hardware (such as a keyboard). Because of its proximity to the hardware, BIOS generally made using assembly language (assembly), which is used by the machine in question.
KomputerIBM system BIOS in the PC or compatibles (computer based prosesorIntel x86 family) refers to a collection of software routines that can do the following things:
In general, the image of the stages that occur in the boot process is as follows:
When the computer is turned on, the memory is still empty. There are no instructions that can be executed by the processor. Therefore, the processor is designed to always find a specific address in the BIOS (Basic Input Output System) ROM. At that address, there is a jump instruction that leads kealamat early execution of the BIOS. After that, the processor running the Power On Self Test (POST), which check the condition of the hardware connected to the computer.
After that, look for Video Card BIOS. In particular he was looking for a BIOS-owned Video Card. Then run the system BIOS Video Card BIOS. It was only afterwards, Video Card in inisalisasi.
Then check the BIOS ROM on another hardware, does have a BIOS that tersediri does not. If yes, then it will be executed as well.
Then again BIOS checks, such as checking memory and memory types. Furthermore, he examines other hardware, such as disk. Then he searched the disk where the boot process can be done, which is looking for a boot sector. This could be a boot sector on the hard disk, or floppy disk.
On Windows, start up the boot process can be described as follows:
MBR (Master Boot Record) is a very small program that is contained in the first sector of the hard disk, MBR and then load a program called NTLDR into memory.
NTLDR then move the computer to a "flat memory model" (bypassing the 640KB memory restrictions placed on PCs) then reads the file BOOT.INI.
If the computer has multiple bootable partition, NTLDR will use the information contained in the file BOOT.INI to display a boot option, if just installed windows xp only, the menu display will be skipped and the windows will load Windows XP.
Prior to load Windows XP, NTLDR open another program into memory, called NDETEC.COM. This checks all files contained on computer hardware. After all hardware is found, NDTECT.COM give back the information to NTLDR.
NTLDR then trying to load a version of Windows XP is selected in step 3. This is done by finding the file NTOSKRNL the System32 folder contained in the directory windows xp. NTOSKRNL is a major program in the Windows operating system is a "kernel" Once the kernel is loaded into memory, NTLDR passes control of the boot process to the kernel and to another file named HAL.DLL. HAL.DLL controls Windows' famous hardware abstraction layer (HAL)
NTOSKRNL later handle the next boot process. The first step is to load some "low-level system drivers". NTOSKRNL then load all the files needed to create a "core" operating system windows xp.
Then, Windows will verify whether there is more than one profile on the computer hardware configuration, if there is more than one hardware profile windows will display a menu of options, but if there is only one profile, the windows will automatically load the default profile.
After Windows recognizes the hardware profile is used, the windows then load all device drivers for all hardware found on a computer, At this time the display monitor displays "Welcome To Windows XP boot screen".
Lastly windows running all the services that are scheduled automatically. At this time the display monitor displays "logon screen".
And based on the process, the boot can be identified by several types, namely:
- Cold Boot → Boot (the process of turning on the computer) that occurs when the computer is off. Cold boot is done by turning on the computer by pressing the power switch. Cold boot recycle a computer random access memory as well as remove viruses that may be in memory before.
- Warm Boot → Boot (the process of turning on the computer) that occurs when the computer is powered back and the power is turned off only for a moment. With the aim to repeat the process a computer from scratch. Warm Boot This usually occurs due to software crash or occurred resetting of the system. Warm or boot can also be interpreted reactivate without having turned off, for example by pressing the reset button, or pressed simultaneously the CTRL + ALT + DEL on the operating system Disk Operating System (DOS). Restart the computer by pressing Ctrl + Alt + Del or shutdown and restart. Booting this heat can be detected and manipulated by the virus.
- Soft Boot → Boot (the process of turning on the computer) is controlled through the system.
- Hard Boot → Boot (the process of turning on the computer) is done in a way forced.
→ Event repeating reboot the system from scratch. Reboot done by several things, among others, as the system does not react in a while, or change the settings in the system.
The term BIOS (Basic Input Output System) first appeared in the operating system CP / M, which is one datu part of CP / M loaded during the boot process begins. BIOS dealing directly with the hardware (some machines running CP / M has a simple boot loader in ROM). Mostly, the DOS version has a file called "IBMBIO.COM" (IBM PC-DOS) or "IO.SYS" (MS-DOS), which works just like the CP / M disk BIOS.
BIOS provides low-level communication interface, and can control many types of hardware (such as a keyboard). Because of its proximity to the hardware, BIOS generally made using assembly language (assembly), which is used by the machine in question.
KomputerIBM system BIOS in the PC or compatibles (computer based prosesorIntel x86 family) refers to a collection of software routines that can do the following things:
- Initialization (ignition) and the testing of the hardware (in a process called Power On Self Test, POST).
- Memuat and run the operating system.
- Set some basic computer configuration (date, time, storage configuration, the configuration of the boot process, the performance and stability of your computer).
- Membantu operating systems and applications in harsh pengaturanperangkat process by using BIOS Runtime Services.
Such a brief article that I have outlined the boot process (boot process), may be useful for you.
Source : Wikipedia (System Operation)
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